What EEG pattern is associated with hepatic encephalopathy?

The EEG pattern that is most commonly associated with hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by triphasic waves. Triphasic waves typically appear as a synchronous and generalized pattern on an EEG and are often observed in patients with metabolic disturbances, particularly when the liver is unable to efficiently remove toxins from the bloodstream. In the case of hepatic encephalopathy, the accumulation of ammonia and other neurotoxins leads to altered brain function, which is reflected in the EEG as these distinct triphasic waveforms.

These waves are usually seen in a frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz and can be recognized by their characteristic morphology, which consists of three phases—hence the name "triphasic." The presence of this pattern can serve as a clue for clinicians in diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy, especially when considered alongside clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. This association makes it a key element in evaluating patients who may be experiencing altered levels of consciousness or cognitive impairment due to liver function issues.